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The goal of grdwtrsmpkwale is to provide datasets for research and planning of water and solid waste management in Kwale, Kenya. This package includes water anlaysis data collected in 2016 combined with the geospatial data from the collection points. The data is collected part of the project UPGro (Unlocking the Potential of Groundwater for the Poor) which aimed to improve the evidence and understanding of groundwater across Sub-Saharan Africa to help tackle poverty.

Installation

You can install the development version of ‘grdwtrsmpkwale’ from GitHub with:

# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("openwashdata/grdwtrsmpkwale")

Alternatively, you can download the individual datasets as CSV or XLSX file from the table below.

dataset CSV XLSX
water_samples Download CSV Download XLSX
selected_samples Download CSV Download XLSX

Introduction

This dataset contains results of two sampling campaigns conducted in Kwale County Kenya in March and June 2016 by GHS/UPC as part of the Gro for GooD project.1

Water samples from over 79 groundwater and 6 surface water (SW) locations were analysed for major ions, stable isotopes, selected trace constituents, electrical conductivity, nitrates, ammonia, pH, DO (Dissolved Oxygen), Eh (oxidation / reduction potential), Temperature, TOC (Total Organic Carbon) and field alkalinity. Most locations were sampled in both March (dry season) and June (wet season).

Data

This data package has two datasets: water_samples and selected_samples.

water_samples

This dataset contains data from an analysis of groundwater in Kwale, Kenya. The data was collected once in March and once in June of 2016 for each sampling spot. In total 157 samples were taken in 71 different localisations that have their geospatial data included in this data package. The sample analysis includes different measurements including conductivity, temperature, pH-values and concentrations of different elements/molecules for the groundwater samples.

The water_samples data set has 80 variables and 157 observations. For an overview of the variable names, see the following table.

water_samples
variable_name variable_type description unit_type error
localization character Name of the localization where the sample was taken. NA NA
geology character Composition of the ground. NA NA
utm_x character Geospatial data of the water sampling locations. The geographic coordinate system ‘Arc 1960 / UTM zone 37S’ (EPSG:21037) which is used for the areas of Kenya and Tanzania - south of equator and east of 36°E. Arc 1960 NA
utm_y character Geospatial data of the water sampling locations. The geographic coordinate system ‘Arc 1960 / UTM zone 37S’ (EPSG:21037) which is used for the areas of Kenya and Tanzania - south of equator and east of 36°E. Arc 1960 NA
date dttm Date the sample was taken. NA NA
conductivity double Conductivity of the sample in (µS/cm) (µS/cm) NA
T_avg double Average ambient temperature at the time of the sampling °C NA
pH double Acidity/basicity of the sample using the pH value. NA NA
TOC double Total organic carbon (TOC) is an analytical parameter representing the concentration of organic carbon in a sample. (mg/L) NA
alkalinity double Alkalinity of the sample as mg of bicarbonate (HCO3) per liter (mg_HCO3/L). as mg/L HCO3 NA
DO double Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in environmental water depend on the physiochemical and biochemical activities in water body and it is an important useful in pollution and waste treatment process control. (mg/L) NA
ORP double Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) in (mV). mV NA
eH double Redox potential (eH) in (mV). mV NA
NH4 double Ammonium concentration in (mg/L). (mg/L) NA
Cl double Chlorine concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.042 mg/L
SO4 double Sulfate concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.026mg/L
NO3 double Nitrate concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.005mg/L
PO4 double Phosphate concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0,008 mg/L
Br double Bromine concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.004mg/L
F double Fluorine concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.024mg/L
Ca double Calcium concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.05 mg/L
Mg double Magnesium concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.05 mg/L
Na double Sodium concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.1 mg/L
K double Potassium concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.1 mg/L
Fe double Iron concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.05 mg/L
Si double Silicon concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.02 mg/L
Al double Aluminum concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.05 mg/L
S double Sulfur concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.05 mg/L
P double Phosphorus concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.1 mg/L
Li double Lithium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Be double Beryllium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
B double Boron concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Sc double Scandium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ti double Titanium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
V double Vanadium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Cr double Chromium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Mn double Manganese concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Co double Cobalt concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ni double Nickel concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Cu double Copper concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Zn double Zinc concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ga double Gallium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ge double Germanium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
As double Arsenic concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Se double Selenium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Rb double Rubidium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Sr double Strontium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Y double Yttrium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Zr double Zirconium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Nb double Niobium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Mo double Molybdenum concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Cd double Cadmium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Sn double Tin concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Sb double Antimony concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Cs double Cesium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ba double Barium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
La double Lanthanum concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ce double Cerium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Pr double Praseodymium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Nd double Neodymium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Sm double Samarium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Eu double Europium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Gd double Gadolinium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Tb double Terbium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Dy double Dysprosium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ho double Holmium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Er double Erbium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Tm double Thulium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Yb double Ytterbium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Lu double Lutetium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Hf double Hafnium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ta double Tantalum concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
W double Wolfram concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Tl double Thallium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Pb double Lead concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Bi double Bismuth concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Th double Thorium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
U double Uranium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
delta_O_18 double The ratio of stable isotopes oxygen-18 (18O) and oxygen-16 (16O) as a measure of groundwater/mineral interactions. NA NA
delta_H_2 double δ2H, or delta deuterium, is a measure of the relative abundance of deuterium (a stable isotope of hydrogen) in a sample, often used in hydrology and environmental science to trace the origin and movement of water. NA NA
Locations of sampling spots

Locations of sampling spots

selected_samples

This dataset contains data from an analysis of groundwater in Kwale, Kenya. The data was collected three weeks in a row at 8 different locations. The sample analysis includes measurements of conductivity, temperature, pH-values and concentrations of different elements/molecules.

The selected_samples data set has 69 variables and 24 observations. For an overview of the variable names, see the following table.

selected_samples
variable_name variable_type description unit_type error
code character NA NA LOD
date dttm Date the sample was taken. NA NA
conductivity double Conductivity of the sample in (µS/cm) (µS/cm) NA
T_avg double Average ambient temperature at the time of the sampling °C NA
pH double Acidity/basicity of the sample using the pH value. NA NA
Cl double Chlorine concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.042 mg/L
SO4 double Sulfate concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.026mg/L
NO3 double Nitrate concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.005mg/L
PO4 double Phosphate concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0,008 mg/L
Br double Bromine concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.019mg/L
F double Fluorine concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.024mg/L
Ca double Calcium concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.05 mg/L
Mg double Magnesium concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.05 mg/L
Na double Sodium concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.1 mg/L
K double Potassium concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.1 mg/L
Fe double Iron concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.05 mg/L
Si double Silicon concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.02 mg/L
Al double Aluminum concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.05 mg/L
S double Sulfur concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.05 mg/L
P double Phosphorus concentration in (mg/L) (mg/L) 0.1 mg/L
Li double Lithium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Be double Beryllium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
B double Boron concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Sc double Scandium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ti double Titanium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
V double Vanadium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Cr double Chromium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Mn double Manganese concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Co double Cobalt concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ni double Nickel concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Cu double Copper concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Zn double Zinc concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ga double Gallium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ge double Germanium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
As double Arsenic concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Se double Selenium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Rb double Rubidium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Sr double Strontium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Y double Yttrium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Zr double Zirconium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Nb double Niobium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Mo double Molybdenum concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Cd double Cadmium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Sn double Tin concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Sb double Antimony concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Cs double Cesium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ba double Barium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
La double Lanthanum concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ce double Cerium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Pr double Praseodymium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Nd double Neodymium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Sm double Samarium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Eu double Europium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Gd double Gadolinium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Tb double Terbium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Dy double Dysprosium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ho double Holmium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Er double Erbium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Tm double Thulium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Yb double Ytterbium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Lu double Lutetium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Hf double Hafnium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Ta double Tantalum concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
W double Wolfram concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Tl double Thallium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Pb double Lead concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Bi double Bismuth concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
Th double Thorium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb
U double Uranium concentration in parts per billion (ppb). ppb 0.08 ppb

Example

sf_samples <- water_samples |> 
  mutate(date = ymd(date)) |> 
  mutate(month = month(date), .after = date) |> 
  drop_na(month) |> 
  st_as_sf(coords = c("utm_x", "utm_y"), crs = 21037) |>
  st_transform(crs = 4236)

tmap_mode("view")

tm_shape(sf_samples) +
  tm_dots(col = "pH", size = 0.1, alpha = 0.7, palette = "RdBu") +
  tm_facets(by = "month", as.layers = TRUE) +
  tm_layout(panel.labels = c("March", "June"))
Screenshot of an interactive map with OpenStreetMap layer.

Screenshot of an interactive map with OpenStreetMap layer.

License

Data are available as CC-BY.

Citation

#> To cite package 'grdwtrsmpkwale' in publications use:
#> 
#>   Loos S, Zhong M, Hope R (????). _grdwtrsmpkwale: Groundwater analysis
#>   from 2016 in Kwale, Kenya_. R package version 0.0.0.9000,
#>   <https://github.com/openwashdata/grdwtrsmpkwale>.
#> 
#> A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
#> 
#>   @Manual{,
#>     title = {grdwtrsmpkwale: Groundwater analysis from 2016 in Kwale, Kenya},
#>     author = {Sebastian Camilo Loos and Mian Zhong and Rob Hope},
#>     note = {R package version 0.0.0.9000},
#>     url = {https://github.com/openwashdata/grdwtrsmpkwale},
#>   }

[1] Ferrer et al, “First step to understand the importance of new deep aquifer pumping regime in groundwater system in a developing country, Kwale, Kenya”, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 18, EGU2016-16969, 2016; Poster Avaiblable: https://upgro.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/egu16_groforgood_v1.pdf; UPC - The Departement of Civil Enginyering de la Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya GHS - Grupo de Hidrologia Subterranea