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This package contains compiled data utilized in a research paper examining the user experience of the Clean Team Ghana’s container-based sanitation service in Kumasi, Ghana.

Installation

You can install the development version of cleanteamghana from GitHub with:

# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("openwashdata/cleanteamghana")

Alternatively, you can download the individual dataset as a CSV or XLSX file from the table below.

dataset CSV XLSX
cleanteamghana Download CSV Download XLSX

The Research paper

The research paper associated with this data package is named “Evaluation of user experiences for the Clean Team Ghana container-based sanitation service in Kumasi, Ghana” and was published in the Journal of Water, Sanitations & Hygiene (WASH) for Development on March 1st, 2022.

Description

Few affordable and acceptable sanitation solutions exist for densely populated, low-income urban areas. Container-based toilets, considered a safely managed sanitation solution, lack substantial insights into user experiences, essential for governmental considerations. A study was conducted on sanitation quality changes pre- and post-enrollment due to the Clean Team Ghana (CTG) container-based toilet service in Kumasi, Ghana, spanning June to December 2019. Data was gathered before installation and ten weeks after for 292 customers. Initially, most customers utilized structurally sound public toilets, yet often faced issues like poor hygiene, inadequate handwashing facilities, and an average 14.3-minute usage time. The study revealed that CTG offered a high-quality service, significantly enhancing customers’ quality of life, saving costs, narrowing gender disparities, and catering to individuals with physical disabilities. Fewer than 10% of customers reported issues with CTG, such as leakage, filling, odor, or irregular replacements. This evaluation adds weight to the emerging evidence supporting the value users place on container-based sanitation in densely populated urban settings.

Data

The data set includes household survey responses on sanitation service levels, quality, practices, and observed behaviors. The Sanitation Quality of Life (SanQoL) scores were measured on a 0 (never able) to 3 (always able) scale. Sanitation satisfaction was scored on a scale from 0 to 4, with 0 representing very unsatisfied, 4 representing very satisfied, and 2 being neither satisfied nor unsatisfied.

The package provides access to a single data set.

library(cleanteamghana)

The cleanteamghana data set has 128 variables and 583 observations. For an overview of the variable names, see the following table.

cleanteamghana
variable_name variable_type description
uuid character Unique identifier for each record
submission_time date Timestamp of the survey submission
area character Area of the observation
district character District of the observation
community character Community of the observation
cleanliness_of_neighborhood character Perceived cleanliness of the neighborhood
safety_of_neighborhood character Perceived safety of the neighborhood
development_priority_of_neighborhood character Development priority of the neighborhood
age_of_respondent integer Age of the respondent
sex_respondent character Gender of the respondent
marital_status character Marital status of the respondent
highest_level_of_education character Highest level of education completed by the respondent
employment_type character Type of employment of the respondent
house_ownership character Ownership status of the house
landlord_residence character Whether the landlord resides in the same location
female_less_5 integer Number of females under 5 years old living in the house
female_from_5_to_18 character Number of females between 5 and 18 years old living in the house
female_more_18 integer Number of females over 18 years old living in the house
male_less_5 character Number of males under 5 years old living in the house
male_from_5_to_18 character Number of males between 5 and 18 years old living in the house
male_more_18 integer Number of males over 18 years old living in the house
number_households_sharing character Number of households sharing a facility
number_of_households character Total number of households in the house/area?
number_of_rooms character Total number of rooms in the house
daily_toilet_usage character Frequency of toilet usage per day
electricity_situation character Electricity situation in the house
fuel_used_for_cooking character Type of fuel used for cooking
location_of_water_source character Location of water source
able_to_observe_toilet character Ability to observe a toilet in the area by the interviewer
cant_afford_toilet character Inability to afford a toilet by inhabitants of the house
functioning_toilet character Presence of a functioning toilet
functioning_toilet_is_ctg character The functioning toilet is from Clean Team Ghana?
handwashing_facility character Availability of a handwashing facility
floor_material character Material used for flooring
roof_material character Material used for roofing
wall_material character Material used for walls
pan_material character Material used for toilet pans
pit_lining character Presence of pit lining
mechanical_emptying character Mechanical emptying of the pit
primary_solidwaste_collection character Primary method of solid waste collection
presence_of_drain character Presence of a drain in the toilet
presence_of_paved_road character Presence of paved roads near the toilet
presence_of_street_lights character Presence of street lights near the toilet
cleaned_toilet character Cleanliness of the toilel
cleanliness_of_pan character Cleanliness of the toilet pan
cleanliness_of_slab character Cleanliness of the toilet slab
concerns_about_using_ctg_toilet character Whether individuals have concerns about using the Clean Team Ghana (CTG) toilet
concerns_about_using_ctg_toilet_specify character Respondents can specify their concerns about using the CTG toilet if they have any
container_replaced_freq_ctg integer Frequency of container replacement for the CTG toilet
cost_per_use integer Cost incurred per use of the CTG toilet
ctg_cleanliness character Perceived cleanliness of the CTG toilet
ctg_information_source character Source from which individuals obtained information about the CTG toilet
ctg_issues character Any issues or problems related to the CTG toilet
ctg_recommendation character Whether individuals would recommend the CTG toilet to others
door_lockable_inside character Whether the CTG toilet has a lockable door from the inside
door_lockable_outside character Whether the CTG toilet has a lockable door from the outside
ever_unable_to_use_ctg character Whether individuals have ever been unable to use the CTG toilet
ever_unable_to_use_ctg_specify character Respondents can specify reasons if they have ever been unable to use the CTG toilet
fear_of_being_removed character Whether individuals fear the CTG toilet of being removed
how_likely_to_recommend_clean_team character Likelihood of individuals recommending Clean Team Ghana’s services to others
is_ctg_available character Availability of the CTG toilet in this particular area
knowledge_of_toilet_sharing character Individuals’ awareness or understanding of sharing toilets among multiple users
management_of_children_feces character Need for managing children’s feces
odour_control_agents_baseline character Agents or methods used for controlling odors at the baseline or initial stage
odour_control_agents_endline character Agents or methods used for controlling odors at the endpoint or final stage
odour_control_baseline character Effectiveness or measures taken to control odors at the baseline or initial stage
odour_control_endline character Effectiveness or measures taken to control odors at the endpoint or final stage
people_using_ctg integer Number of people using Clean Team Ghana’s services or toilets in this particular area
rent_paid integer Amount of rent paid by CTG?
sanqol_assault integer Perceptions or experiences related to assault or safety concerns at the sanitation facility
sanqol_cleanliness integer Perceptions or evaluations of the cleanliness of the sanitation facility.
sanqol_convenience integer Level of convenience provided by the sanitation facility
sanqol_cost integer Perceptions or satisfaction related to the cost of using the sanitation facility
sanqol_disgust integer Feelings of disgust or repulsion associated with the sanitation facility
sanqol_health integer Perceptions or concerns about health-related aspects associated with the sanitation facility
sanqol_privacy integer Perceptions or satisfaction levels regarding privacy at the sanitation facility
sanqol_proud integer Feelings of pride or satisfaction associated with using the sanitation facility
sanqol_safety character Perceptions or feelings of safety related to the sanitation facility
sanqol_shame character Feelings of shame associated with using the sanitation facility
sanqol_smell character Perceptions or experiences related to unpleasant smells at the sanitation facility
satisfaction_avoiding_unpleasant_odour integer Satisfaction levels regarding avoiding unpleasant odors while using the facility
satisfaction_avoiding_unpleasant_odour_not_in_use integer Satisfaction levels regarding avoiding unpleasant odors when the facility is not in use
satisfaction_combine_duities_and_using_toilet integer Satisfaction levels while combining duties and using the toilet
satisfaction_manage_menstrual_hygiene integer Satisfaction levels regarding the management of menstrual hygiene at the facility
satisfaction_towards_cost_of_latrine_usage integer Satisfaction levels related to the cost of using the latrine or sanitation facility
satisfaction_towards_ease_to_access integer Satisfaction levels related to the ease of access to the sanitation facility
satisfaction_towards_ease_to_use character Satisfaction levels related to the ease of using the sanitation facility
satisfaction_towards_privacy_of_toilet_use character Satisfaction levels related to the privacy offered during toilet use
satisfaction_towards_toilet_cleanliness character Satisfaction levels related to the cleanliness of the toilet
satisfaction_towards_toilet_uncomfortabity character Discomfort experienced while using the toilet
sharing_of_toilet_baseline character Sharing pattern or practices related to using the toilet at the baseline or initial stage
sharing_of_toilet_endline character Sharing pattern or practices related to using the toilet at the endpoint or final stage
slab_material character Material used for constructing the slab of the sanitation facility
slab_material_other character Additional information on the material used for constructing the slab if it’s specified as ‘other’
smell_reduction_system character Method implemented within the toilet facility to reduce or eliminate unpleasant odors
soap_for_handwashing character Availability of soap provided specifically for handwashing within the toilet facility
source_of_water_for_drinking character Available water source within the toilet facility intended for drinking purposes
source_of_water_for_other_purposes character Water source within the toilet facility used for non-drinking purposes such as cleaning, flushing, or other sanitary needs
time_to_access_toilet integer Time taken to reach the toilet from a specific point, likely measured in minutes.
time_to_get_water integer Time required to access water, likely measured in minutes
toilet_door character Presence of toilet door in the toilet facility
toilet_location_baseline character Initial or baseline location of the toilet facility
toilet_location_ctg character Location of the Clean Team Ghana toilet facility
toilet_on_compound_cant_use character Presence of a toilet within a compound that is unusable for some reason
toilet_public_usage_baseline character Usage pattern or availability of the toilet facility at the baseline
toilet_public_usage_endline character Usage pattern or availability of the toilet facility at the endpoint or final stage
toilet_roof character Presence of toilet roof in the toilet facility
toilet_scrubbedmopped_frequency character Frequency of cleaning activities like scrubbing and mopping of the toilet
toilet_use_payment_option character Payment for using the toilet
toilet_walls character Presence of toilet wall in the toilet facility
type_of_toilet character Type of toilet facility (e.g., pit latrine, flush toilet)
urinate_or_defecate_at_night character Behavior related to urination or defecation during the night
urinate_or_defecate_at_night_use_ctg character Nighttime urination or defecation patterns in the Clean Team Ghana toilet
use_non_ctg_toilet character Usage of a non-Clean Team Ghana provided toilet facility
wait_for_replacement_ctg integer If the residents waiting for a replacement of the Clean Team Ghana toilet
water_for_handwashing character Availability of water for handwashing
why_not_observed character Reasons why CTG toilet wasn’t observed
why_not_use_a_toilet character Reasons for not using a toilet in general
why_not_use_household_toilets character Reasons for not using a household toilet
why_not_use_household_toilets_other character Additional reasons for not using household toilets if specified as ‘other’
years_living_in_current_house integer Duration of time spent living in the current household
household_size integer Total number of individuals living in a household
adults integer Count of adults in the household
kids integer Count of kids in the household
sanqol_rawindex integer Raw numerical index representing the overall satisfaction in sanitation quality of life
sanqol_rawscore integer Raw numerical score representing the overall satisfaction in sanitation quality of life
cost_per_month_public_baseline integer Cost per month related to public toilet usage at the baseline stage

Examples

1) Visualizing Toilet Access Time (Pre-CTG Containers Installation)

This code snippet utilizes ggplot2 to create a histogram illustrating the time taken to access toilets before the implementation of CTG (Clean Team Ghana) containers. The histogram showcases the distribution of time-to-access values, with mean and median annotations indicating central tendency.

library(ggplot2)

annotations <- data.frame(
  x = c(round(mean(cleanteamghana$time_to_access_toilet, na.rm = TRUE), 2), 
        round(median(cleanteamghana$time_to_access_toilet, na.rm = TRUE), 2)),
  y = c(165, 175),
  label = c("Mean:", "Median:")
) 

ggplot(cleanteamghana, aes(time_to_access_toilet)) +
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 3, color = "#000000", fill = "#59CF94", boundary = 0, na.rm = TRUE) +
  labs(
    title = "Time to access toilets before installation of CTG containers",
    x = "Time (minutes)",
    y = "Count"
  ) +
  theme_classic() +
  theme(
    plot.title = element_text(color = "#59CF94", size = 16, face = "bold")
  ) +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 60, by = 10)) +
  geom_text(data = annotations, aes(x = x, y = y, label = paste(label, x)), size = 3, fontface = "bold")

2) Customer Sanitation Satisfaction Categories: Mean Scores Comparison

The following code computes the mean satisfaction scores across the various sanitation categories, presenting a comparative analysis through a bar plot.

library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)

# Calculating mean scores for each satisfaction category
satisfaction_means <- cleanteamghana |> 
  mutate(across(starts_with("satisfaction"), as.integer)) |> 
  summarise(across(starts_with("satisfaction"), ~mean(., na.rm = TRUE))) |> 
  rename_with(~gsub("satisfaction_", "", .), starts_with("satisfaction")) |> 
  rename_with(~gsub("towards_", "", .), starts_with("towards")) |> 
  rename_with(~gsub("avoiding_", "", .), starts_with("avoiding")) 
# Converting the data to a format suitable for plotting
satisfaction_means <- satisfaction_means |> 
  tidyr::pivot_longer(cols = everything(), names_to = "Satisfaction_Category", values_to = "Mean_Score")

# Creating the bar plot
ggplot(satisfaction_means, aes(x = Satisfaction_Category, y = Mean_Score)) +
  geom_bar(stat = "identity", fill = "#59CF94", color = "#000000") +
  geom_text(aes(label = round(Mean_Score, 2)), vjust = -0.5, color = "black", size = 3.5) +  # Add mean labels on top of bars
  labs(
    title = "Mean Sanitation Satisfaction Scores",
    x = "Satisfaction Category",
    y = "Mean Score"
  ) +
  theme_minimal() +
  theme(
    axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 60, hjust = 1, size = 8)
  )+
  ylim(0, 4)

License

Data are available as CC-BY.

Citation

To cite this package, please use:

citation("cleanteamghana")
#> Um Paket 'cleanteamghana' in Publikationen zu zitieren, nutzen Sie
#> bitte:
#> 
#>   Skorik S, Tidwell J, Nyarko K, Ross I, Dwumfour-Asare B, Pippa S
#>   (2023). "cleanteamghana: Clean Team Ghana."
#> 
#> Ein BibTeX-Eintrag für LaTeX-Benutzer ist
#> 
#>   @Misc{skoriktidwell,
#>     title = {cleanteamghana: Clean Team Ghana},
#>     author = {Sophia Skorik and James Benjamin Tidwell and Kwabena Biritwum Nyarko and Ian Ross and Bismark Dwumfour-Asare and Scott Pippa},
#>     year = {2023},
#>     abstract = {This package compiles user experience data for the Clean Team Ghana container-based sanitation service in Kumasi, Ghana.},
#>     version = {0.0.0.9000},
#>   }